1. One rule: When the system fails, you can tentatively adjust some parameters or states one at a time to identify the root cause. This approach helps isolate the issue and prevents making multiple changes that could complicate the problem further. It’s important to document each change and its effect for future reference. 2. The second comparison rule involves identifying potential faults before performing any hands-on maintenance or taking action. This means you should already have a hypothesis or solution in mind before starting repairs. For example, during an injection process, if the internal standard peak is low, you can repeat the injection to check for reproducibility. If it was an isolated low value, consider whether there might be an air bubble in the quantitative tube. This rule is especially useful after a system change. After reversing the flow, run the standard twice before the actual injection to check the retention time stability and the shape of the chromatographic peaks. If extra peaks appear during gradient elution, try running a no-load gradient to see if the issue persists. This helps avoid unnecessary adjustments and allows for quicker corrective actions. 3. The replacement rule involves swapping out components or parts systematically to determine if they are causing the problem. This could include replacing a pump seal, a column, or even a detector. Always replace one component at a time and retest to ensure that the change actually resolves the issue. Keep track of which parts were replaced and their impact on system performance. This method is effective when other troubleshooting steps don’t yield clear results. It also helps prevent over-reliance on guesswork and ensures that any fixes are based on real evidence.

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