First aid knowledge - illness

First aid knowledge - illness

20, heat stroke:

Due to working in the hot sun or in a high-temperature environment, the body's ability to regulate body temperature cannot be accommodated, and the body's heat energy cannot be properly dissipated outside. Accumulation of high heat is called heatstroke. The patient first had headache, dizziness, palpitations, nausea, etc. The sweating stopped immediately and the body temperature rose. If not rescued, he could die and become unconscious.

22-1. Threatened heat stroke: After working in a high-temperature workplace for a period of time, symptoms such as excessive sweating, thirst, general fatigue, dizziness, chest tightness, palpitation, inability to concentrate, incoordination, etc., are normal or slightly elevated. . If you can leave the high temperature environment in time, you can return to normal within a short time after the break.

22-2. Mild heat stroke: In addition to symptoms of threatened heat stroke, body temperature rises above 38.5°C. May be accompanied by facial flushing, chest tightness, dry skin heat and other signs; or symptoms of early respiratory and circulatory failure, such as pale, nausea, vomiting, a lot of sweating, cold skin, blood pressure, rapid pulse and so on. If you leave the high temperature environment in a timely manner, take a proper rest, loosen your clothes, give a salty soft drink, and take Jieshu medicine such as Shi Ding Shui, Jie Shu Pian, etc., and you can recover within 4 to 5 hours.

22-3. Severe stroke: In addition to the above symptoms, fainting or paralysis occurs, or the skin is dry and sweatless, and the body temperature is above 40°C. Severe heat stroke should be sent to the medical department for emergency treatment.

22-4. Prevention of heat stroke:

For strong radiant heat sources such as various furnaces, asbestos cloth, asbestos plates, water curtain doors and circulating water gates, etc. can be installed in front of the furnace door. You can take a arbor in open air. Ventilation accelerates convection and removes moisture, but it does not reduce radiant heat. In a factory building with airflow, windows should be opened according to the direction of the wind so that the hot air in the factory can be taken away by the air flow. Sometimes high-temperature operation points can be ventilated by fans, air showers, etc. Conditions can be implemented in small shifts or rest periods, reasonable arrangements for labor time, try to avoid the hottest time of the day. Work clothes with slow heat transfer and good air permeability are good, open-air operations should wear a wide-brimmed straw hat or bamboo raft. The diet should be rich in protein and vitamins B and C. The beverage should contain certain salt to supplement the body's loss of salt with sweat. To be equipped with the necessary heatstroke medicines such as cool oil, Dan Dan and so on.

21, motion sickness:

Spontaneous kinetic energy refers to the use of vehicles, boats, aircraft, due to the acceleration, deceleration of vehicles, or bumpy vibration, stimulate the vestibular labyrinth and dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and even collapse, shock and other symptoms, accompanied by pale , Cold sweats, tachycardia or too slow, blood pressure drop, or nystagmus, balance disorders. The disease occurs mainly in or after the car, boat, or aircraft. It can be induced by emotional depression, mental stress, over-famine, over-fatigue, and abnormal odor.

Symptoms of motion sickness vary from person to person, light microfades dizziness, heavy nausea and vomiting, cold sweats, and even fainting.

23-1, treatment:

The occurrence of the disease varies from person to person and the severity of symptoms varies. The principle of treatment is to strengthen prevention and timely symptomatic treatment. For people who have history of motion sickness in the past, they can take anti-fainting, sedative and anti-emetic drugs 30 to 60 minutes before the ride, boat and plane. The most commonly used is diphenhydramine, also known as dizziness, dizzy Haining. , 50 to 100 mg orally, once every 4 to 6 hours. Promethazine can also be used, 12.5 to 25 mg, orally 2 to 3 times a day. Can also choose to use compound halo Haining, Min Ke Jing, An Qimin and so on.

In the event of a motion sickness while riding on a vehicle, boat, or airplane, the patient should be placed as far as possible, and the head rests on the back of the chair to close his eyes and rest. At the same time, to maintain ventilation, cool, fresh air, if vomiting, it is advisable to promptly remove vomit. In addition, acupuncture or finger pressure on Neiguan, Zusanli, Shenmen, Baihui, Hegu, and Zhongyu points can also relieve the symptoms and prevent the occurrence of this disease. If severe vomiting, shock, collapse, imbalance of water and electrolyte balance, should be sent to the hospital for treatment, timely rehydration, correct acid-base disorders.

23-2. Prevention:

When riding on a boat, the diet should not be full, tightening the abdomen to reduce the vibration of the abdominal organs can also help reduce symptoms. Concentrate your eyesight on objects that are not moving in the distance, and wear a mask with a little cool oil on the middle layer to reduce the chance of motion sickness induced by visual or olfactory factors.

Before long-distance travel, you should take full rest and exercise more for the head to improve your ability to adapt to vibrations and reduce your chances of developing the disease.

22, allergic reactions:

Allergic reactions are also called "allergy" and "hypersensitivity." Refers to the pathological immune response to tissue damage or dysfunction that occurs when the body has been re-exposure to the same antigen. In general, it is an allergic reaction to certain substances that have been contacted, resulting in some clinical symptoms, most of which are caused by the removal of incentives and Antihistamines disappear sooner after treatment, but some can cause more serious injuries, and even cause anaphylactic shock. Failure to promptly treat them can endanger life.

22-1. Allergens:

The substances that can cause allergic reactions are called allergens, also known as allergens, which are summarized as microorganisms, pollen, parasites, xenogeneic serum, drugs, and chemical agents. The substances that are most likely to cause allergic reactions in daily life are pollen, fish and shrimp, milk, eggs, and serum and medicine.

22-2. Common diseases of allergic reactions:

The allergic reaction includes many diseases. Common allergic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, allergic purpura, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, gastrointestinal anaphylaxis, transfusion reaction, neonatal hemolytic disease, immune hematological disease, lung ~ Kidney syndrome, and acute and chronic immune complex diseases.

The allergic reactions are due to differences in the patient's physical fitness, different immune status, different organ structures, and differences in intrinsic mechanisms that cause allergies, and their clinical manifestations are different, with varying degrees of severity.

Allergic reactions are medically divided into pathological cellular immunity (delayed) and pathological humoral immunity (rapid, cytotoxic, and immune complex). The most common form of immediate hypersensitivity reactions is rapid, intense, and subsided. fast.

22-3. Treatment of allergic reactions:

Allergic diseases should be promptly treated, and appropriate treatment methods should be adopted for different manifestations. Anaphylactic shock is more critical, manifested as sudden feeling of chest tightness, shortness of breath, pale, blood pressure, can be due to respiratory depression and death, should immediately rescue. Allergic reactions commonly used antihistamines, glucocorticoids and other drugs have anti-allergic effects.

22-4. Prevention of allergic reactions:

The most ideal prevention of allergic reactions is to identify allergies and avoid contact with them again. If allergies to a food, drug, etc., should be fasted or disabled. On the other hand, the use of serum products and drugs that may cause allergic reactions (such as penicillin, etc.) should be used for skin sensitivity test, positive results should be banned, must use desensitization injection method (ie, small doses, short intervals, multiple times Injection method). Cross-matching test should be done before transfusion, and transfusion should be appropriate.

23, cardiac arrest:

Cardiac arrest is commonly seen in anesthesia, surgery, electrical injuries, drowning, and certain drug poisoning. Cardiac arrest may also occur during severe shocks. The main causes of cardiac arrest are hypoxia and carbon dioxide accumulation, autonomic dysfunction and surgical stimuli, and hemodynamics. Severe changes and drug overdose and allergic reactions.

23-1. Clinical manifestations of cardiac arrest:

Mainly blood pressure, pulse, and breathing suddenly disappeared. The precordial area could not hear the heart sound, and the consciousness and various reflexes disappeared. The patient could also have purpura, the wound bleeding stopped, the pupil dilated, and the light reaction sometimes disappeared and body twitching occurred. Suddenly died suddenly. After cardiac arrest, the systemic organs are hypoxic and hypoxic. Because the brain is most sensitive to hypoxia, the brain damage is the earliest and the most difficult to reverse. Patients who suddenly lose consciousness, accompanied by the disappearance of femoral artery and carotid artery beats, should consider cardiac arrest, immediate first aid, and no delay.

23-2 First Aid Measures for Sudden Cardiac Arrest:

In the event of a sudden cardiac arrest, the patient should be swift and decisive, rescue every minute and every second, and do not need to repeatedly measure blood pressure, listen to heart sounds, and restore blood circulation and respiratory function as soon as possible.

23-2-a, artificial respiration:

Effective artificial respiration is a prerequisite for cardiac resuscitation. If it is found that the heartbeat is stopped, artificial mouth-to-mouth resuscitation should be performed immediately. When conditions permit, artificial respiration can be given by simple respirator and artificial respiration by pressurized oxygen.

23-2-b, chest cardiac compression:

Another principle of cardiac arrest resuscitation is the rapid establishment of an effective artificial circulation. The most commonly used and effective method is immediate extrathoracic cardiac compression, which is the method of expulsion of blood between the chest wall and the spine. The patient is placed supine and placed on a hardboard bed or on the ground. The first aider places both hands on the lower part of the patient's sternum and pushes the lower part of the sternum toward the spine. Every time adults press the sternum should be immersed 3-4 cm, the heart is squeezed and the ventricular blood is discharged, when the wrist relaxes, the thorax naturally returns, the negative pressure in the chest cavity so that the vena cava blood back to the heart, so repeatedly, The frequency of pressing is about 60 beats/minute and the child presses 100 times/minute. Use a proper amount of force during chest massage to avoid sternal or rib fractures and aggravate the condition. Conditional persons can cut the chest and directly squeeze the heart to rebuild the blood circulation. When the chest heart massage starts, it is generally impossible to cut the package. If the effect is not obvious after squeezing for 1 to 2 minutes, the package can be cut and the heart chamber is squeezed directly. wall. This method is effective but subject to medical conditions.

23-2-c, intracardiac injections:

Sudden cardiac arrest can be intracardial injections. Intracardiac injections are mostly selected in the fourth or fifth intercostal space on the left side, leaving the left sternal border 2 to 3 cm along the upper edge of the ribs, and when the blood is sucked back, the drug can be injected into the ventricle. Intracardiac injection is one of the important measures for cardiac resuscitation. The clinical use of adrenaline 1 mg, isoproterenol 0.5-1 mg, norepinephrine 1 mg mixed injection, known as the "triple needle", if plus atropine 1 mg is "four needle", 2 After 3 minutes, injections can be repeated. When the heart is punctured, it is necessary to inject drugs after sucking blood. Intracardial injection of drugs can also use calcium chloride, lidocaine, sodium bicarbonate and so on.

23-2-d, electrical defibrillation:

Electrical defibrillation can be used for patients with cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. Electrical defibrillation includes extracorporeal defibrillation and intrathoracic defibrillation. Sudden cardiac arresters can also attack in the precordial area, which may restore the heartbeat.

23-2-e, establish a circulation channel:

In the emergency of cardiac arrest, it is also necessary to actively establish intravenous access for the timely use of drugs, infusions, and blood transfusions. In the process of cardiac massage, the head can be cooled with an ice cap, and the body surface temperature should be maintained at 32 to 340C. Other concomitant diseases, such as acidosis, hypovolemia, and imbalance of electrolyte metabolism, should be treated symptomatically.

23-2-f, acupuncture, Chinese medicine:

Acupuncture or finger pressure can restore the heartbeat in people, Yongquan, Shixuan and other acupuncture points. Oral or injection of dangshentang can also help cardiac resuscitation.

When the heart is resuscitated, to maintain respiratory function, respiratory stimulants may be given, such as coramine, stem groae, ganodein, and the like. At the same time, it is necessary to maintain stable blood pressure and prevent hypotension. Vascular drugs or vasodilator drugs can be selected for the cause. Cerebral edema can be caused by prolonged cerebral hypoxia, and active prevention and treatment of cerebral edema can directly affect the course of treatment after cardiac resuscitation. Methods such as hypothermia, hibernation, dehydration, and town spasm can be used. Kidney due to ischemia and hypoxia can cause acute renal failure, it is appropriate to set the catheter after cardiac arrest, can determine the status of renal function, should be very early prevention and treatment of acute renal failure. Respiratory tract infections and septicemia may occur after cardiac arrest, and antibiotics may be added to prevent secondary infections.

24, loss of temperature:

The higher the elevation, the greater the climate change. When there is a lack of proper thermal equipment or long-term exposure to the harsh environment of low-temperature environment, especially when exhausted and the clothes are wet, a physiological reaction to a decrease in body temperature will occur. When the body temperature drops below 35 degrees Celsius, the body has entered a state of deprivation.

24-1, the symptoms of temperature loss:

Feeling ambiguous, muscles unwilling to control, dullness, change of temperament or loss of reason, slowing of pulse, loss of consciousness, etc. Immediate treatment should be given.

24-2, First Aid Principle for Loss of Temperature:

Prevents the patient from losing body temperature and gradually assists the patient in obtaining a normal body temperature, taking the patient away from the harsh cold environment and moving it into a warm tent or mountain house. Remove wet and cold clothing and wrap the patient in warm clothing, sleeping bags, etc. If the patient is conscious, he may be allowed to drink some hot and sweet drinks, and if he is unconscious, he is allowed to lie down in a restored position. The patient may be given respiratory and cardiac arrest. The cardiopulmonary bypass should be performed and the doctor should be sent to the doctor as soon as possible. Remember not to drink to the patient, nor to wipe or massage the limbs of the patient, nor to encourage the patient to exercise.