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The working principle of the intelligent biochemical incubator circuit involves several key components. The temperature sensing circuit uses a modern temperature sensor IC1. The voltage comparator circuit consists of resistors R1-R7, temperature setting potentiometers RP1 and RP2, along with voltage comparators IC2 (N1, N2). The control execution circuit includes transistors V1 and V2, relays K1 and K2, and diodes VD1 and VD2.
This incubator can be built using an old single- or double-door refrigerator by utilizing its cooling function, while adding heating devices such as electric heating wires or 150W iodine tungsten lamps, along with an exhaust fan inside the unit to ensure even temperature distribution.
RP1 is used to set the upper temperature limit, while RP2 sets the lower limit. Relay K1 controls the heating device via an intermediate relay, and relay K2 controls the refrigerator's cooling system through another intermediate relay. Pins 5 and 2 of IC2 are connected to the center taps of RP1 and RP2, respectively. Pins 6 and 3 of IC2 are connected to the output of IC1 through resistor R3. When the voltage difference between pin 2 and pin 5 of IC2 is approximately 0.01V, the corresponding temperature is 1°C.
If the temperature inside the incubator stays within the set range, the voltage at pin 2 of IC2 will be higher than that at pin 5, and the voltages at pins 3 and 6 will match or be slightly lower than pin 2. At this point, pins 1 and 7 of IC2 output a low level, turning off V1 and V2, and thus K1 and K2 remain inactive, so neither the cooling nor the heating circuits operate.
When the internal temperature exceeds the upper limit, the voltage at pins 3 and 6 of IC2 becomes higher than that at pins 2 and 5, causing pin 1 of IC2 to switch from low to high, which turns on V2. This activates relay K2, closing its normally open contact and enabling the refrigeration system. Conversely, when the temperature drops below the lower limit, the voltage at pins 3 and 6 of IC2 falls below that at pins 2 and 5, causing pin 7 of IC2 to go high, which turns on V1. This activates relay K1, closing its normally open contact and activating the heating circuit.
For component selection, R1–R5 should be 1/4W metal film resistors with 1% accuracy. R6–R9 can be 1/4W carbon film resistors. RP1 and RP2 are wire-wound potentiometers for higher precision. Capacitors C are monolithic capacitors. Diodes VD1 and VD2 are 1N4148 silicon switching diodes. Transistors V1 and V2 are S9013 or C8050 NPN silicon transistors. IC1 is a temperature sensor like LM35DZ, LM36, or TMP36. IC2 is an LM393 operational amplifier. Relays K1 and K2 are 12V DC relays.
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