The construction of a gravel base is a critical process that involves several key steps, including spreading, compaction, and maintenance. Proper execution ensures the stability and durability of the base layer, especially for applications like sports fields or roadways. Below is a detailed explanation of the procedure.

Football field gravel base

Spreading the gravel base is one of the most important stages in the construction process. The thickness of the layer must be carefully controlled, as it directly affects the compaction level. For mechanical paving using equipment such as bulldozers or graders, the compaction factor is typically set between 1.20 and 1.25. If the work is done manually, the compaction factor should be slightly higher, around 1.25 to 1.30. This ensures that the base will settle properly after compaction without excessive voids or unevenness.

After the initial spreading, any areas where coarse aggregates have concentrated need to be broken up and evenly distributed. Similarly, if fine sand has gathered in certain spots, those areas should be excavated and refilled with a more uniform mix. Once the base is spread out, water should be sprinkled over the entire surface. The sprinkling should be even, ensuring that moisture penetrates through the layers. After allowing the water to sit for 1–2 hours, the surface can be air-dried before beginning the rolling process.

The amount of water used during this stage depends on the season and the thickness of the gravel layer. Here is a reference table showing the recommended sprinkler scale for different thicknesses:

Gravel Base Sprinkler Scale

Thickness (cm)

Spring and Autumn (kg/m²)

Summer (kg/m²)

10

15

20

25

6–8

9–12

12–16

15–20

8–12

12–16

16–20

20–28

Notes:

  • 1. The natural moisture content of graded sand is approximately 7%.
  • 2. The optimal moisture content for graded sand is generally between 5% and 9%.

When performing grading and roller compaction, it's best to work on a large area. Ideally, the working zone should cover about 1/3 to 1/2 of the football field, avoiding small or scattered sections. The thickness of each layer should not exceed 30 cm. Rolling should start from the lowest point and move toward the higher areas. On a football field, the process should begin from the sidelines and gradually progress toward the center.

After the initial rolling, check the elevation and surface flatness. If any irregularities are found, they should be addressed immediately. For sloped areas, additional sand and gravel can be added. For high spots, dig small pits and spread the surrounding material to level the area. In places where coarse aggregates have formed clusters (like “plums”), remove the coarse material and replace it with well-graded gravel. Avoid filling with coarse sand, as this can lead to poor compaction.

Throughout the rolling process, it’s essential to inspect the surface for signs of soft spots or frost heave. If any issues are detected, they must be thoroughly treated. Maintaining the optimal moisture level is crucial for achieving the required density and stability of the gravel base. With proper techniques and attention to detail, the base will provide a solid foundation for the final surface layer.

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